This file is auto-generated */ A July 2010 article in The Economist quoted one senior American military source as saying, If any country were found to be planting logic bombs on the grid, it would provoke the equivalent of the Cuban missile crisis. Furthermore, currently more than 90% of successful cyberattacks take advantage of known vulnerabilities and misconfigured operating systems, servers, and network devices. This paper proposes a power-system protection device designed to be integrated in smart environments based on Internet-of-Things technologies. } } These smart power systems yield a 77% increase in efficiency, lower the total cost of ownership, and gather data about the health of power, battery backup, and critical access control and security devices. Due to the gravity of these threats, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) policy statement on the smart grid states that cybersecurity is essential to the operation of the smart grid and that the development of cybersecurity standards is a key priority. Consumer Electronics __gtagTracker('event', action, hitConverted); 'title': 'page_title', Furthermore, IEC 62368-1, the new international hazard-based safety engineering standard for audio/video, information and communication technology is well-suited for use in this modular-safety approach. The best of American innovation is yet to come, and the smart grid must be part of our future. Possible threats to the electrical grid introduced by the use of AMI include: As more utilities move toward using Internet Protocol (IP)based systems for wide area communications and as the trend of using standardized protocols continues throughout the industry, maintaining the security of such devices will be critical. return hit; The benefits associated with the Smart Grid include: Quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances. var newtracker = function () { hitObject.eventAction = 'page_view'; function __gtagTracker(type, name, parameters) { document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( 'no-js', 'js' );
Energy, telecommunications, transportation, and financial infrastructures are becoming increasingly interconnected, thus posing new challenges for their secure, reliable, and efficient operation. Locally-generated electrical energy, such as that from photovoltaic systems, needs to be stored during accumulation cycles for use during peak demand cycles. However, design engineers are also responsible for ensuring electrical systems are designed with safety in mind. hitObject = { 'eventLabel': arguments[4], if (! function mapArgs(args) { Electrical power systems are found in nearly every building type, including residential, commercial, industrial, water, wastewater, chemical, oil/gas and military installations. Secure and reliable operation of the electric system is fundamental to national and international economic systems, security, and quality of life. The smart grid unlocks greener models. Protecting all these diverse and widely dispersed assets is impractical. function gaOptout() { The diversity and lack of interoperability among the various communication protocols cause problems for anyone who tries to establish secure communication to and from a substation. hitObject = { [CDATA[ */ This would require the highest levels of guarding against intentional access to hazardous voltages. robust advanced power generation portfolio. Then, it suggests a modular approach of evaluating the safety of smart-grid technology based on the safety requirements of the individual merged technologies. The size and complexity of the North American electric power grid makes it impossible both financially and logistically to physically protect the entire infrastructure. It can serve as a guidance for those working within multiple domains related to smart grid and smart grid systems and even for readers interested in understanding what the Smart Grid is,. Medical task 4 4.1 investigate (a) safe operation of smart power system (b) operation of standalone and grid connected renewable energy systems 4.2 discuss the features of smart grid network 4.3 determine the importance of power electronics in smart grid and energy storage and analyse how power electronic converters are used in smart grid networks 4.4 }; This state-of-the-art safety standard classifies energy sources, prescribes safeguards against those energy sources, and provides guidance on the application of, and requirements for those safeguards. Cybersecurity and interoperability are two of the key challenges of the smart grid transformation. Associate Professor, Stanford University - Cited by 9,074 - Energy systems - smart grid - power systems - energy data analytics - smart transportation & sensor networks . 2004. 'eventCategory': 'event_category', This information allows consumers to be charged variable rates for energy, based upon supply and demand. var len = arguments.length; These standards include IEEE C2, National Electrical Safety Code, and CSA C22.3, Canadian Electrical Code, Part III.. For example, Figure 3 shows the percentage of IT and security executives from critical infrastructure enterprises located in 14 countries around the world reporting large-scale distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks and their frequency. Design Features. Figure 4. Smart Decision, 2010, unpublished internal Alcatel-Lucent article. Those attackers are normally driven by intellectual challenge and curiosity. Electric terrorism: grid component targets, 19942004 (source: Journal of Energy Security). var gaMap = { .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} Smart Substations: substations are included monitoring and control non-critical and critical operational data such as power status, power factor performance, breaker, security, transformer status, etc. Some of these components are vulnerable to saboteurs with explosives or just high-powered rifles. The report also documented the potential costs of widespread outages, estimating them to be in the range of US$1 to US$5 per kWh of disrupted service, depending on the length of the outage, the types of customers affected, and a variety of other factors. while Thomas Edison would be totally familiar with the modern electrical grid [2]. } 1) Non-malicious attackers who view the security and operation of the system as a puzzle to be cracked. 2, no. 'timingCategory': 'event_category', Grid congestion and atypical power flows have been increasing during the last 25 years, while customer expectations of reliability and cyber and physical security are rising to meet the needs of a pervasively digital world. hit[gaMap[arg]] = args[arg]; Prior to working at AT&T, Mr. Gies was a Tempest engineer for Honeywell-Signal Analysis Center, where he worked on various secure communications projects for the US Army Communications -Electronics Command. About Smart Power -. /* ga and __gaTracker compatibility shim. } Energy & Power Much work remains to be done, however, to create standards that, when implemented, will adequately protect the grid from cyberattacks. The secure and efficient power system operation relays on the data assessment and state estimation. window['__gtagTracker'] = __gtagTracker; Safety of smart Grid Data Security: . Currently, in the United States alone it is estimated that US$6 billion is lost by electricity providers to consumer fraud in the electric grid. Object.assign(hitObject, arguments[5]); In order to defend electric infrastructure against the impacts of cyber and physical attacks, significant challenges must therefore be overcome before extensive deployment and implementation of smart grid technologies can begin. } One possible means of increasing the physical security of power lines is to bury them. } In addition to the physical threats to such centers and the communication links that flow in and out of them, one must be concerned about two other factors: the reliability of the operators within the centers and the possibility that insecure code has been added to a program in a center computer. As for security, it must be built in as part of its design, not glued on as afterthought. } The trend of connecting electrical control systems to the Internet exposes all layers of a system to possible attack. Safety is a critical priority in NASA's use of RPS, and is integrated into every phase of the design, test, manufacture, and operation of space nuclear systems. During the 20 years since the OTA report, the situation has become even more complex. Cyberthreat evolution (source: EPRI). AMI enables consumer-friendly efficiency concepts like Prices to Devices. With this, assuming that energy is priced on what it costs in near real-time, price signals are relayed to smart home controllers or end-consumer devices like thermostats, washer/dryers, or refrigerators, typically the major consumers of electricity in the home. /* ]]> */ What is most concerning about such reports is mainly one portion of an early article: The response to the alert was mixed. if ('pageview' === arguments[1]) { If the power ever failed for more than a few hours the SPS could . (2)A safety monitoring method of power terminal based on power consumption information of power terminal is proposed, which monitors the power consumption information of side channel of power terminal in a nonintrusive way and maps the power consumption of power terminal equipment to its operation status. In remote locations, stand-alone systems can be more cost-effective than extending a power line to the electricity grid (the cost of which can range from $15,000 to $50,000 per mile). These include the Complex Interactive Networks/Systems Initiative (CIN/SI), a joint program sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD); EPRIs Enterprise Information Security (EIS) program; EPRIs post9/11 Infrastructure Security Initiative (ISI); and various North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) initiatives, such as its information sharing and analysis centers (ISACs), public key infrastructure (PKI), and spare equipment database. We witnessed the significance of proper operation planning on March 20, 2015, during the total solar . The digitization of such systems may enable remote attacks to grow rapidly, potentially spanning countries or even continents. AMI introduces serious privacy concerns, as immense amounts of energy use information will be stored at the meter. 'nonInteraction': 'non_interaction', 3, pp. 1/10/2023 - 3/11/2023extensioncanvas.ucsd.eduYou will have access to your course materials on the published start date OR 1 business day after your enrollment is confirmed if you enroll on or after the published start date. Advanced metering infrastructure (of which smart meters are a generic name for any utility side device even if it is more capable e.g. Likewise, through smart grid-enhanced energy efficiency, by 2030 carbon dioxide emissions from the electric sector would be reduced by 58%. It uses the three-block model for pain and injury from the energy source to the person, with the middle block covering the safeguarding necessary to prevent or limit the harmful energy to a person. If we agree to take a modular approach to evaluating the safety of the smart-grid technology equipment, then IEC 62368-1 will be well-suited for providing the plug-in modules for evaluating the safety of the information technology and communication circuitry portion of the smart grid equipment. Time-centered HRA (TCHRA) } The machine will turn on. Development of greener technologies and alternative fuels has become a global economic priority, so smart grid technology has the potential to be one of the next great technological waves. Containment of batteries capable of producing excessive heat during breakdown or thermal runaway. Communications Deception consists of two possible techniques: dissimulation (hiding the real) and simulation (showing the false). Smart Power Systems began making hydraulic generators for the fire industry in 1995. } It uses a 32-bit microcontroller to effectively monitor the fire hazards that may occur in the protected electrical circuit due to leakage, temperature, and current overload, and handles the remaining current in real time. Overall, smart power systems add monitoring, analysis, control, and communication capabilities to maximize the throughput of your system while reducing energy consumption. Conversely, an unintentional island can be created when a segment of the utility grid containing only customer-owned generation and load is isolated from the utility control. Smart meters will need to be cost-effective, since millions will need to be purchased and installed to replace antiquated analog devices. 2, pp. sensing, communication, data management, and mathematical and theoretical foundations to support a better, faster, and higher-confidence understanding of what is going on, leading to improved state and topology estimation and fast look-ahead simulation. An improved energy infrastructure empowers stakeholders - asset owners, manufacturers, service providers, and government officials at local and central levels - to strategically manage the geographically scattered renewable power sources like wind farms, solar plants, and hydro stations. for (arg in args) { function __gtagTrackerOptout() { Rochester, Authored by Robert Cordeiro, Technical Director at TSG Security. To protect control systems, well-established information security practices must also be utilized. 5, pp. You can also use the thermostat's app to control the temperature. Move the DC breaker on the side of the machine up to the "ON" position. Despite some similarities, the electric power grid is quite different from gas, oil, and water networks: phase shifters rather than valves are used, and there is no way to store significant amounts of electricity. var Tracker = function () { These ESSs can be used for any power ow system in a variety of ways, such as providing services for renewable power smoothing, peak demand shaving, frequency regulation, etc. A smart grid combines the existing electrical infrastructure with digital technologies and advanced applications to provide a much more efficient, reliable and cost effective way to distribute energy. The various elements considered by CIGRE include security domains, baseline controls, and security processes. The Handbook of Research on Smart Power System Operation and Control is a collection of innovative research on the theoretical and practical developments in smart power system. Today, security patches often are not supplied to end users, or users are not applying the patches, as they fear they will affect system performance. if (type === 'event') { Another key value of a smart power system is the ability to remotely and safely recycle power. . According to the investigation, power system operation scenarios are classified into 3 categories: time-centered scenarios, process-centered scenarios and emergency-centered scenarios. Initial systems were open-framed basic systems ranging from 5.5kW to 10kW. for (var index = 0; index < disableStrs.length; index++) { To cause physical damage equivalent to that from a small to moderate-size tornado would be extremely difficult, even for a large, well-organized group of terrorists. 'timing_complete' : hitObject.eventAction; } catch (ex) { /* Disable tracking if the opt-out cookie exists. But these systems are also used by people who live near the grid and wish to obtain independence from the power provider or demonstrate a commitment to non . They provide safe load control switching to ground for resistive and inductive loads depending on the control voltage. , lets end-users monitor power consumption for security systems proactively, spotting and reporting outages and other problems before they occur. We introduce the fault detection and bad values of traditional power system state estimation method . The security of cyber and communication networks is fundamental to the reliable operation of the grid. Data stored at the meter and transmitted over communication networks must also meet standard cybersecurity requirements, including confidentiality, integrity, availability, and nonrepudiation. Just as you protect your computer from malware and viruses, we highly recommend taking the same measures to protect your security system from a dire fate. According to IEC 62368-1, Annex I (also IEC 60950-1, Annex Z), electricity meters and communications ITE for remote electricity metering are considered to be examples of Overvoltage Category IV equipment, or equipment that will be connected to the point where the mains supply enters the building. One of the biggest frontiers in electrical engineering in this early part of the 21st century is the development and implementation of smart grid technology. This system, illustrated in Figure 5 and described in the following section, allows companies to capitalize on rapid-fire strategic challenges and retain their stability [1]." The Solution: SAFe Offers a Dual Operating System. (a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(e=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(c(e.twemoji),c(e.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); 93, no. (v) Value - refers to our ability to extract valuable information from the huge amount of data and derive a clear understanding of the value it brings. There is reasonable concern that national and international energy and information infrastructures have reached a level of complexity and interconnection that makes them particularly vulnerable to cascading outages, whether initiated by material failure, natural calamities, intentional attack, or human error. 861875, May 2005. For example, if we have a smart meter with integral information technology and telecommunication interfaces, you could use the international or locally-adopted safety standard for power meters, then use IEC 62368-1 to evaluate the type of personnel that would require access to the smart meter (skilled, instructed, or ordinary), [3] and then determine the level of safeguarding necessary in such areas as isolation from the power equipment, isolation from the telecommunication equipment, construction of the enclosure as a safeguard against accessibility to shock and containment of fire, and so forth. The environmental benefits that smart grid technology can deliver are collectively demanded by most of Earths inhabitants at this time, and the decrease in dependence on fossil fuels and other nonrenewable power sources is also sought through this new technology. vertical-align: -0.1em !important; All rights reserved. It is not yet known what the smart-grid killer app is going to be, but like pre-season predictions of who is going to win the Super Bowl or the World Cup, some think that it is going to be plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and possibly full electric vehicles (EVs). Tap the up or down arrow to pick the specific temperature. Sign up to hear about
The cost of this DC storage system is only $160 per kWh compared with contemporary storage units at $400-$1000 per kWh, 14 and thus it is ideal for the low-cost energy storage of renewable energy in public and private utility grids. Educating stakeholders and colleagues about the cyber and physical interdependencies has often been difficult, as those who are distinguished members of the community and understand power systems well but are less aware of their cybervulnerabilities routinely minimize the importance of these noveland persistentthreats. In this paper, three major systems are explored namely the smart infrastructure. if ('send' === arguments[0]) { The truth is that, as a nation, we must and absolutely can meet the power needs of a pervasively digital society if the United States wishes to maintain its role as a global economic and political leader. As such, a good approach to the safety evaluation of this merged technology is to take a modular approach, and evaluate the merged technologies for safety as components. They therefore provide an excellent reference point for an analysis of cybervulnerability. dataLayer.push(arguments);
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